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Tooth decay

For caries of bone, see Osteolysis.
Tooth decay
Other namesDental cavities, dental caries, cavities, caries
Destruction of a tooth by dental caries and disease
Pronunciation
SpecialtyDentistry
SymptomsPain, tooth loss, difficulty eating[1][2]
ComplicationsInflammation around the tooth, tooth loss, infection or abscess formation[1][3]
DurationLong term
CausesBacteria producing acid from food debris[4]
Risk factorsDiet high in simple sugar, diabetes mellitus, Sjögren syndrome, medications that decrease saliva[4]
PreventionLow-sugar diet, tooth brushing, fluoride, flossing[2][5]
MedicationParacetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen[6]
Frequency3.6 billion (2016)[7]

Tooth decay, also known as cavities or caries, is the breakdown of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria.[6] The cavities may be a number of different colors, from yellow to black.[1] Symptoms may include pain and difficulty eating.[1][2] Complications may include inflammation of the tissue around the tooth, tooth loss and infection or abscess formation.[1][3] Tooth regeneration is an on-going stem cell based field of study that is trying to reverse the effects of decay, unlike most current methods which only try to make dealing with the effects easier.

The cause of cavities is acid from bacteria dissolving the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin and cementum).[4] The acid is produced by the bacteria when they break down food debris or sugar on the tooth surface.[4] Simple sugars in food are these bacteria's primary energy source and thus a diet high in simple sugar is a risk factor.[4] If mineral breakdown is greater than buildup from sources such as saliva, caries results.[4] Risk factors include conditions that result in less saliva, such as diabetes mellitus, Sjögren syndrome and some medications.[4] Medications that decrease saliva production include antihistamines and antidepressants.[4] Dental caries are also associated with poverty, poor cleaning of the mouth, and receding gums resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth.[6][8]

Prevention of dental caries includes regular cleaning of the teeth, a diet low in sugar, and small amounts of fluoride.[2][4] Brushing one's teeth twice per day, and flossing between the teeth once a day is recommended.[4][6] Fluoride may be acquired from water, salt or toothpaste among other sources.[2] Treating a mother's dental caries may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the number of certain bacteria she may spread to them.[4] Screening can result in earlier detection.[6] Depending on the extent of destruction, various treatments can be used to restore the tooth to proper function, or the tooth may be removed.[6] There is no known method to grow back large amounts of tooth.[9] The availability of treatment is often poor in the developing world.[2] Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen may be taken for pain.[6]

Worldwide, approximately 3.6 billion people (48% of the population) have dental caries in their permanent teeth as of 2016.[7] The World Health Organization estimates that nearly all adults have dental caries at some point in time.[2] In baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population.[10] They have become more common in both children and adults in recent years.[11] The disease is most common in the developed world due to greater simple sugar consumption, but less common in the developing world.[6] Caries is Latin for "rottenness".[3]

  1. ^ a b c d e Laudenbach JM, Simon Z (November 2014). "Common Dental and Periodontal Diseases: Evaluation and Management". The Medical Clinics of North America. 98 (6): 1239–1260. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.002. PMID 25443675.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Oral health Fact sheet N°318". World Health Organization. April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  3. ^ a b c Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary (Ed. 22, illustrated in full color ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. 2013. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-8036-3909-6. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k SECTION ON ORAL H, SECTION ON ORAL H (December 2014). "Maintaining and improving the oral health of young children". Pediatrics. 134 (6): 1224–9. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2984. PMID 25422016. S2CID 32580232.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Oli2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Silk H (March 2014). "Diseases of the mouth". Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 41 (1): 75–90. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.011. PMID 24439882. S2CID 9127595.
  7. ^ a b "Oral health". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  8. ^ Schwendicke F, Dörfer CE, Schlattmann P, Page LF, Thomson WM, Paris S (January 2015). "Socioeconomic Inequality and Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Journal of Dental Research. 94 (1): 10–18. doi:10.1177/0022034514557546. PMID 25394849. S2CID 24227334.
  9. ^ Otsu K, Kumakami-Sakano M, Fujiwara N, Kikuchi K, Keller L, Lesot H, Harada H (2014). "Stem cell sources for tooth regeneration: current status and future prospects". Frontiers in Physiology. 5: 36. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00036. PMC 3912331. PMID 24550845.
  10. ^ Vos T (Dec 15, 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". The Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.
  11. ^ Bagramian RA, Garcia-Godoy F, Volpe AR (February 2009). "The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis". American Journal of Dentistry. 22 (1): 3–8. PMID 19281105.

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